Scoliosis in India — Types, Diagnosis & Treatment Options

What Is Scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine, with Cobb angles measured on standing X-ray. A curve over 10° qualifies as scoliosis; treatment is usually considered above 25°; curves over 40–50° may require surgical correction.

Types of Scoliosis

Idiopathic Adolescent Scoliosis (AIS)

The most common form — 80% of all scoliosis cases. "Idiopathic" means no known cause. Detected during the adolescent growth spurt, affects girls 7–10× more frequently than boys, and has a genetic component. The AIS phenotype presents as a right thoracic curve in most cases.

Congenital Scoliosis

Present at birth due to malformation of vertebrae during foetal development. Often identified in infancy when vertebral anomalies are discovered on imaging.

Neuromuscular Scoliosis

Secondary to a neurological condition (cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy). Tends to be progressive and severe.

Degenerative (Adult) Scoliosis

Develops in older adults due to asymmetric disc and facet joint degeneration. Causes back and leg pain; rarely progresses rapidly.

Diagnosis

Adam's Forward Bend Test: the patient bends forward touching toes while the examiner looks from behind. A "rib hump" (one side of the back rising higher) indicates thoracic rotation associated with scoliosis. Standing X-ray confirms and measures the Cobb angle.

Treatment by Severity

Cobb Angle 10–25°

Observation only for non-growing patients. In growing adolescents, physical therapy (Schroth method — a specific three-dimensional exercise system) and curve monitoring every 6 months.

25–40° in Growing Adolescent

Bracing is the standard of care. The BRAIST trial (NEJM, 2013) proved bracing significantly prevents curve progression and avoids surgery in compliant patients. Success requires 18+ hours/day of wear — this requires strong family and patient motivation.

Over 40° (Progressive) or Over 50° (Any Age)

Spinal fusion surgery. Modern techniques using pedicle screws and rods have excellent safety profiles and outcomes. Most patients return to full activity including sport within 12 months.

SpineFit and Scoliosis

For mild to moderate adult degenerative scoliosis, FIR thermal therapy and gentle traction may reduce paraspinal muscle spasm and pain. SpineScan™ adapts to asymmetric spinal geometry. For adolescent idiopathic scoliosis or known structural curves, consult a spinal specialist before using any traction-based device.